\title {Mind and Reality \\ Lecture 05}
\maketitle
Cognitive Penetration: Recap
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\section{Cognitive Penetration: Recap}
\emph{Reading:} §Firestone, C. and Scholl, B. J. (2016). Cognition does not affect perception: Evaluating the evidence for “top-down” effects. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 39.
\section{Cognitive Penetration: Recap}
/ex/TorF/qq/If Lois simply sees Clark she thereby sees Superman
The Case Against the Cognitive Penetration of Perception
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\section{The Case Against the Cognitive Penetration of Perception}
\emph{Reading:} §Burke, Luke. ‘On the Tunnel Effect’. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 4, no. 3 (1952): 121–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470215208416611., §Fodor, Jerry. ‘Observation Reconsidered’. Philosophy of Science 51, no. 1 (1984): 23–43.
\section{The Case Against the Cognitive Penetration of Perception}
The Case For the Cognitive Penetration of Perception
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\section{The Case For the Cognitive Penetration of Perception}
\emph{Reading:} §Bruner, Jerome, and Cecile Goodman. ‘Value and Need as Organizing Factors in Perception’. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 42, no. 1 (1947): 33–44., §Witzel, Christoph. ‘An Easy Way to Show Memory Color Effects’: I-Perception, 1 August 2016. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041669516663751., §Witzel, C., M. Olkkonen, and K. R. Gegenfurtner. ‘Memory Colours Affect Colour Appearance.’ Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 39 (2016): e262. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X15002587., §Olkkonen, Maria, Thorsten Hansen, and Karl R. Gegenfurtner. ‘Color Appearance of Familiar Objects: Effects of Object Shape, Texture, and Illumination Changes’. Journal of Vision 8, no. 5 (2008): 13–13. https://doi.org/10.1167/8.5.13., §Levin, Daniel T., and Mahzarin R. Banaji. ‘Distortions in the Perceived Lightness of Faces: The Role of Race Categories’. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 135, no. 4 (2006): 501–12. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.135.4.501.
\section{The Case For the Cognitive Penetration of Perception}
Bruner & Goodman, 1947 figure 1
Bruner & Goodman, 1947 figure 2
Not replicated.
\citep[p.~207]{carter:1949_value}:
‘The value
of a disc or the need associated with it
is important as a determiner of judged 8. size only when the stimulus object is equivocal or absent, as when judgments
are made from memory.’
Witzel 2016, figure 2
Witzel 2016, figure 1
Witzel 2016, figure 3 (part)
Levin & Banaji, 2006 figure 2B
‘Subjects viewed two faces on each trial. One was defined as a reference face and the other was defined as an adjustable face. Subjects were told that their task was to adjust the adjustable face until it matched the lightness of the reference face. On half of the trials, the faces were of the same race (both were Black or both were White), and, on the remaining half, they were of different races. On the basis of our previous informal observations, we tested whether subjects would choose relatively dark versions of the adjustable face for the Black reference face and relatively light versions for the White reference face.’
Levin & Banaji, 2006 figure 2B
Levin & Banaji, 2006 figure 3
‘Results of Experiment 1. The two bars on the left represent trials where subjects adjusted a face of one race to match a face of the other race. The two bars on the right represent trials in which the adjusted face and the target face were the same. Positive numbers represent overlight- ening of the face. Adj adjustable.’
/ex/TorF/qq/Memory colour effects provide evidence for the view that cognition penetrates perception|According to Levin & Banaji (2006), your beliefs about race categories can influence your perception of the size of a face|When asked to make the colour of a banana match a grey background, people tend to make it more blue than the background actually is.
Cognitive Penetration: Evaluation and Conclusion
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\section{Cognitive Penetration: Evaluation and Conclusion}
\emph{Reading:} §Carter, Launor, and Kermit Schooler. ‘Value, Need, and Other Factors in Perception’. Psychological Review 56, no. 4 (1949): 200–207., §Valenti, J. J., and Chaz Firestone. ‘Finding the “Odd One out”: Memory Color Effects and the Logic of Appearance’. Cognition 191 (2019): 103934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2019.04.003., §Firestone, Chaz, and Brian J. Scholl. ‘Can You Experience “Top-down” Effects on Perception?: The Case of Race Categories and Perceived Lightness’. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 22, no. 3 (2015): 694–700. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-014-0711-5., §Baker, Lewis J., and Daniel T. Levin. ‘The Face-Race Lightness Illusion Is Not Driven by Low-Level Stimulus Properties: An Empirical Reply to Firestone and Scholl (2014)’. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 23, no. 6 (2016): 1989–95. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-016-1048-z.
\section{Cognitive Penetration: Evaluation and Conclusion}
Carter & Schooler, 1949 figure 1
O’Callaghan et el, 2017
Valenti & Firestone, 2019 figure 1 (part)
Firestone and Scholl, 2015 figure 1
FIrestone & scholl
‘we replicated this study with blurred versions of the face stimuli, so
as to eliminate race information while preserving many low-level
differences in the images (includ- ing the match in average luminance and
contrast) – as in Figure 3B (Firestone & Scholl 2015a). After blurring,
the vast majority of observers asserted that the two faces actually had
the same race (or were even the same person). However, even those
observers who asserted that the faces had the same race nevertheless
judged the blurry image derived from the Black face to be darker than the
blurry image derived from the White face.’
reply in \citep{baker:2016_facerace} and BBS
/ex/TorF/qq/Bruner & Goodman (1947) provide sound evidence for cognitive penetration|Olkkonen et al’s (2008) memory colour research provides compelling evidence for cognitive penetration|Levin and Banaji (2006) have shown that cognition penetrates perception.